What type of problems in plants are classified as abiotic?

The correct choice refers to non-infectious problems that cannot be transmitted between plants, which are classified as abiotic issues. Abiotic problems stem from non-living environmental factors, such as extreme temperatures, insufficient water, poor soil quality, and chemical imbalances. These factors can cause stress, physiological disorders, or developmental issues in plants without involving living pathogens.

Unlike biotic problems, which involve organisms like pests or pathogens that can spread from plant to plant, abiotic issues do not have a transmission component. This is a fundamental distinction in plant pathology, where abiotic stressors are localized and do not facilitate the spread of a problem from one plant to another. Understanding this classification is important because it helps determine appropriate management strategies for plant health.